Direct and Inderct Speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma. Beberapa penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect speech:

1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (“). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.

Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata “that” atau “to” (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.“	He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02	He asked me, “why do you come late.“	He asked me why I came late.
03	He orderd me, “don’t bring a bag.“	He ordered me to didn’t bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya “yes-no question” maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	They asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?”	They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02	He asked me, “Does she want to mary me?”	He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He asked me, “why do you come late?”	He asked me why you came late.
02	He asked me, “what does she eat?”	He asked me what she ate.
03	He asked me, “when did you come?”	He asked me when I came.
04	He asked me, “who are you?”	He asked me who I was.
05	He asked me, “who is she?”	He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	She said that she was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	They said that they would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next …	The … after The following …
05	Last …	The … before The Previous …
06	… ago	… before … earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

Contoh Kalimat

Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech	Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?” (Akankah saya menerima paket tsb besok?)	He asked if he would receive the packet the following day.
“I have to return the book two days ago.” (Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb dua hari lalu.)	She said that she had to return the book two days earlier.

Tetapi ada juga yang tidak ada perubahan tenses walaupun kata pengantarnya menggunakan Past tense, yaitu, apabila yang dibicarakan adalah "GENERAL TRUTH"(kebenaran umum), suatu hal yang sudah menjadi rahasia umum, contohnya: Ada 7 hari dalam seminggu, ada 12 bulan dalam setahun, dll. intinya, apabila yang kita bicarakan adalah suatu kebenaran yang diakui oleh semua orang, maka tidak ada perubahan tenses dalam kalimat tidak langsungnya. Oiya, General truth itu selalu menggunakan simple present lho.
Contoh:
            Sarah said to him,"there are seven days a week". (direct speech)
            Sarah said to him that there are seven days a week. (indirect speech)

1. STATEMENT (kalimat pernyataan)

Dalam kalimat tidak langsungnya menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) THAT.

 A. Apabila kata pengantarnya menggunakan simple present, maka tidak ada perubahan tenses dalam kalimat tidak langsungnya (indirect speech).

Contoh: He says to me, "I am your friend".
             He says to me that he is my friend.

             She says to him,"I will visit you tomorrow".
             She says to him that she will visit him tomorrow.
             
             Anna tells me,"I miss you".
             Anna tells me that she misses me.
*Tidak ada perubahan tenses.

B.  Apabila kata pengantarnya menggunakan simple past, maka ada perubahan tenses, adverb seperti yang sudah dijelaskan di atas.

Contoh: You said to me."You brought my bag yesterday". (simple past)
             You said to me that I had brought your bag the day before. (past perfect)
Ada beberapa berubahan dalam indirect speechnya, yaitu tense: dari simple past ke past perfect. dan adverbnya dari yesterday menjadi the day before, dan tentu saja perubahan kata ganti orangnya.
  
            She told him,"My father wants to meet you". (simple present)
            She told him that her father wanted to meet him. (simple past)

2. QUESTION 

kalimat tanya dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua):
1. Question Yes/No (menggunakan conjunction IF/Whether (apakah)
2. Question word (w-question - who, what, where, when, why, how) conjunctionnya tetap menggunakan question word tersebut.

 Contoh Question yes/no (IF/WHETHER):

             She asks me,"Do you love me?".
             *She asks me if/whether I love her.

             They asks him,"Can you help us?".
             *They asks him if/whether he can help them
*tidak ada perubahan tense karena kata pengantarnya menggunakan simple present.

               He asked her,"Are you happy now?".
               *He asked her if/whether she was happy then. 

               She asked me,"Were you waiting for me last night?".
               She asked me if/whether I had been waiting for her the night before?      
Ada perubahan tenses dan adverb dalam indirect speechnya, karena kalimat pengantarnya menggunakan simple past.
Note: Kalimat tanya dalam direct speech harus diubah menjadi kalimat pernyataan (statement) dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech).

Contoh Question word (who, what, when, where, why, how):

They says to him,"What are you doing?".
They says to him what he is doing?".

I say to them,"Why do you leave me alone?".
I say to them why they leave me alone.

Note: tidak ada perubahan tenses dalam contoh di atas, karena??? Yup benar sekali, karena kata pengantarnya menggunakan simple present.

They said to her,"Where did he invite you last night?
They said to her where he had invited her the night before.

Ada perubahan tenses karena kalimat pengantarnya menggunakan simple past.

3. IMPERATIVE (KALIMAT PERINTAH)

Kalimat imperative / perintah terbagi menjadi dua; menyuruh dan melarang. 
A. Menyuruh, kata penghubungnya (conjunction) nya menggunakan:
    to + V-1 dan to be + Complement.
    Contoh:
                My teacher advised us,"Study hard please!".
                My teacher advised us to study hard. (to + V-1)

                She asked me."Be a strong person!".
                She asked me to be a strong person. (to be + complement).

B. Melarang, kata penghubungnya (conjunction) nya menggunakan:
    not to + v-1 dan not to be + complement
    Contoh:
                My mother asked me,"Don't go home too late!".
                My mother asked me not to go home too late.
    
                She asked me,"Don't be afraid, baby".
                She asked me not to be afraid.
Note: Dalam kalimat imperative, tidak ada perubahan tenses, meskipun kalimat pengantarnya menggunakan simple past. NAMUN, apabila ada kalimat lain setelah kalimat imperative, maka ada perubahan tense pada kalimat yang lain tersebut.
Contoh:
            You asked me,"Please bring what I gave you last night!".
            You asked me to bring what you had given me the night before. 

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.

Bentuk	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there.

Atau lebih jelasnya

Reporting	Contoh Kalimat Direct Speech	Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech
Statement	“I’m not hungry now.” (Saya tidak lapar sekarang.)	He said that he was not hungry at that time.
Imperative	“Do not touch my computer!” (Jangan sentuh komputerku!)	She told me not to touch her computer.
Yes-no question	“Did you eat my cake?” (Apakah kamu makan kueku?)	She wanted to know if I’d eaten her cake.
Information question	“Who is the winner?” (Siapa pemenangnya?)	He asked me who the winner was.

Menambahkan whether atau if

Whether atau if ditambahkan untuk menyampaikan kalimat yes-no question yang telah didengar sebelumnya. Yes-no question merupakan bentuk pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban yes atau no.

 Contoh:

Contoh Direct Speech	Contoh Kalimat Reported Speech	Keterangan
“Do you have a little time?” (Apa kamu punya sedikit waktu?)	He asked me if I had a little time.	Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes, I do atau No, I don’t
“Have you heard the news?” (Sudahkah kamu mendengar berita tsb?)	She wanted to knowwhether I had heard the news.	Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes, I have atau No, I haven’t

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Direct dan Indirect Speech dalam bentuk tenses

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPEECH
1.       Present tense (simple/continuous) He said, “I study English”. He said, “I am studying English”.	1.       Past tense (simple/continuous) He said that he studied English He said that he was studying English
2.       Past tense (Simple/continuous) He said, “I studied English”. He said, “I was studying English”.	2.       Past perfect/perfect continuous He said that he had studied English. He said that he had been studying English.
3.       Present perfect tense/continuous He said, “I have studied English”. He said, “I have been studying English”.	3.       Past perfect tense/continuous He said that he had studied English. He said that he had been studying English.
4.       Future tense (simple/continuous) He said, “I will study English”. He said, “I will be studying English”.	4.       Past future tense (simple/continuous) He said that he would study English He said that he would have been studying English.
5.       Future perfect tense/continuous He said, “I will have studied English”. He said, “I will have been studying English”.	5.       Past future perfect/continuous He said that he would have studied English He said that he would have been studying English.
6.       Past future tense (simple/continuous) He said, “I would study English”. He said, “I would be studying English”.	6.       Past perfect future (simple/continuous) He said that he would have studied English He said that he would have been studying English.

Soal Direct dan Inderect Speech Pilihan Berganda

1.    “She listen a music.” (Simple Present Tense)
                a.She listened a music (Simple Past Tense)           
                b. He goes to his country
                c. He will go to his country

2.    “He play football.” (Simple Present Tense)
               a. He is play football       
               b. He played football (Simple Past Tense)
               c. He plays footvball

3.    “I am buying a basket ball.” (Present Continous Tense)

                a. I am buy a basket ball
                b.He was buying a basket ball (Past Continous Tense)         
                c. Don’t be noisy
   

4.    “He is listening a music.”
                   a.He was listening a music (Past Continous Tense)
                   b. He listens a music
                   c. He had listend a music
      

5.       “I have bought a flower.” (Present Perfect Tense)
                a. He had bought a flower (Past Perfect Tense)
                b. I had bought a flower
                c. He buys a flower

6.       “Did they eat out together yesterday?” (Simple Past Tense)

a.      He asked me if they had eaten out together the day before. (Past Perfect Tense)

b.      He asked me if they had eaten out together yesterday.

c.       He asked me if they has eaten out together the day before.

7.       “Don’t turn off the light now.” (Simple Present Tense)

a.      He told me didn't turn off the light at that time.

b.      He told me not to turn off the light at that time. (Simple Past Tense)

c.       He told me don't turn off the light at that time.

d.       

8.       “What’s your passion?” (Simple Present Tense)

a.      She wanted to know what is my passion.

b.      She wanted to know what was my passion.

c.       She wanted to know what my passion was. (Simple Past Tense)

9.       “I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.” (Simple Present Tense)

a.      He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. (Simple Past Tense)

b.      He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

c.       He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

10.   “Your friend has just left.” (Present Perfect Tense)

a.      He told me that your friend had just left.

b.      He told me that my friend had just left. (Past Perfect Tense)

c.       He told me that my friend has just left.

11.   “Can I borrow your pencil for a moment?” (Simple Present Tense)

a.      She asked me if she can borrow my pencil for a moment.

b.      She asked me whether she can borrow my pencil for a moment.

c.       She asked me whether she could borrow my pencil for a moment. (Simple Past Tense)

12.   “Why are you staring at my feet?” (Present Continous Tense)

a.      He asked her why she was staring at his feet. (Past Continous Tense)

b.      He asked her why was she staring at his feet.

c.       He asked her why she is staring at his feet.

Jawab:A (Verb present continuous tense pada direct speech menjadi past continuous tense pada reported speech.)

13.   “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” (General Tense)

a.      He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

b.      He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

c.       He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.

14.   “I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.” (Present Continous Tense)

a.      She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.

b.      She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.

c.       She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day. (Past Continous Tense)

15.   “We have been here for a week.” (Present Perfect Continous Tense)

a.      They said they had been here for a week.

b.      They said we had been there for a week.

c.       They said they had been there for a week. (Past Perfect Continous Tense)

16.   “ I buy a wallet.” (Simple Present Tense)

a.       I bought a wallet

b.      I am buy a wallet

c.       He bought a wallet (Simple Past Tense)

17.   “I am buying a bird.” (Present Continous Tense)

a.       He buy a bird

b.      He was buying a bird (Past Continous Tense)

c.       He is buying a bird

18.   “I have bought a bike.” (Present Perfect Tense)

a.       He had bought a bike (Past Perfect Tense)

b.      He buy a bike

c.       He had been bought a bike

19.   “I have been buying a car.” (Present Perfect Continous Tense)

a.       He had been buying a car ( Past Perfect Continous Tense)

b.      I had buying a car

c.       I had been buying a car

20.   “I bought a phone.”(Simple Past Tense)

a.       I had bought a phone

b.      He had bought a phone (Past Perfect Tense)

c.       He bought a phone

21.  “I was buying a apple.” (Past Continous Tense)

a.    I had been buying a apple

b.    He had bought a apple

c.    He had been buying a apple (Past Perfect Continous Tense)

22.  “I had bought a mouse.” (Past Perfect Tense)

a.    I had bought a mouse

b.    He had bought a mouse (Past Perfect Tense)

c.    He bought a mouse

23.  “I will buy a pen.” (Simple Future Tense)

a.    He will buy a pen

b.    He would buy a pen (Will di ubah jadi Would)

c.    I would buy a pen

24.  “I will buying a jeans.” (Future Continouse Tense)

a.    He would be buying a jeans (Di ubah jadi Would)

b.    He will buying a jeans

c.    He will be buying a jeans

25.  “I will have bought a cake” (Future Perfect Tense)

a.    I would have bought a cake

b.    He would have bought a cake (Di ubah jadi Would Have)

c.    I would have bought a cake